Rhetorical Questions

Read the following questions and pick out the rhetorical questions and make statements of them.

Rhetorical Questions are different from interrogative sentences. Interrogative sentences require answers whereas rhetorical questions need no answer. Rhetorical questions are to be taken in opposite sense.

1. How long shall we continue to live this life of contradiction?
   
2. How long shall we continue to deny equality in our social and economic life?
3. What does fraternity mean?
4. How can people divided into several thousands of castes be a nation?
5. 
   Is it wrong to love animal and plant?
6. Won’t our cricketers come back as winners?
7. Corruption is getting rooted in social life. Is it fair?
8. Why do students bunk classes?
9. Excessive violence is being shown in modern cinema. When will the government take notice of it?
10. What challenges did the mountaineers face?
11. Aren’t children wiser than men?

KEY

1. No longer we shall continue to live this life of contradiction.
   
2. No longer we shall continue to deny equality in our social and economic life.
3. What does fraternity mean?(It needs answer. So it is interrogative sentence.
4. People divided into several thousands of castes can not be a nation?
5. It is not wrong to love animal and plant.
6. Our cricketers will come back as winners.
7. Corruption is getting rooted in social life. It is not fair.
8. Students should not bunk classes.
   
9. Excessive violence is being shown in modern cinema. The government will never take notice of it.



10. What challenges did the mountaineers face? Interrogative ( wh-question)



11. Children are wiser than men.

अलंकारीक प्रश्ना चे उत्तर नसते तर तो प्रश्न हा विधानच असतो. हे प्रश्न युक्तिवाद करताना वापरतात. विधानाचे रुपांतर अलंकारीक प्रश्नात करतांना सहयकारि क्रियापद प्रथम वापरावे नंतर कर्ता वापरावा विधान नकारात्मक असल्यास प्रश्न होकारात्मक करावा व विधान होकारात्मक असल्यास प्रश्न नकारात्मक करावा शेवटी प्रश्नार्थक चिन्ह द्यावे. अलंकारीक प्रश्नाचे विधानात रुपांतर करतांना या उलट प्रक्रिया करावी.

Assertive sentence begins with subject /doer of the action followed by helping verb/main verb .
If the rhetorical question is negative ,assertive sentence should be affirmative (remove negative word such as - not . no , never .nothing .nobody. no one etc )

If the rhetorical question is affirmative ,assertive sentence should be negative. (add negative word such as - not . no , never .nothing .nobody. no one etc )
Put the remaining words and replace question mark with full stop .

Rewrite as rhetorical questions.
1. We love our motherland.
Ans: Do we not love our motherland?
2. There is no room for secrecy under Bapuji's leadership.
Ans: Is there any room for secrecy under Bapuji's leadership?
3. Everyone knows Sachin Tendulkar.
Ans: Who doesn't know Sachin Tendulkar?
4. No one has seen the wind.
Ans: Who has seen the wind?
5. A letter can not contain all this.
Ans: Can a letter contain all this?
How can a letter contain all this?

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Modal Auxiliaries

Read the following sentences and observe the use of modal auxiliary .

      1.     May I speak to you for a moment?                      ‘May’ indicate permission.

      2.     She can speak fluent German.                             ‘can’     ---        ability

      3.     He might get angry at first, but hopefully he will understand your situation. 
                                                                                     ‘might’- probability

      4.     You should try doing more exercise regularly.         ‘should’ – advice

      5.     Now recruits shall report to the sergeant at 9 am.     Shall—certainty

      6.     I must go home now. It’s late.                                   Must- obligation 
 7.     Could you put this book on the shelf, please?        Could – polite request
         
        क्रीयापदाला सहाय्य करणार्‍या क्रियापदांना सह्याकारि क्रियापदे म्ह्णतात.
    be, am, is, are, was, were, do, does, did, have, has, had, shall, will, should, would, can, could, may, might, must, etc.
    उपयोग.
1. am, is, are यांचा उपयोग Present Continuous Tense मध्ये व Simple Present Tense च्या Passive Voice मध्ये करतात.
2. was, were यांचा उपयोग Past Continuous Tense मध्ये व Simple Past Tense च्या Passive Voice मध्ये करतात.
3. do,does, did यांचा उपयोग प्रश्नार्थक व नकारात्मक वाक्यामध्ये करतात.
4. shall, will यांचा उपयोग Future Tense मध्ये करतात.
5. should यांचा उपयोग उपदेश/ सल्ला देण्यासाठी करतात.
6. would यांचा उपयोग भुतकालीन सवय, भुतकाळात वारवांर घडलेली क्रीया दर्शविण्यासाठी ,तसेच shall/will चा भुतकाळ म्ह्णुन वापरतात.
7. can, could क्षमता(ability) व्यक्त करण्यासाठी
8. may परवानगी(Permission), शक्यता(Possibility) व्यक्त करण्यासाठी.
9. might संभाव्यता(Probability)व्यक्त करण्यासाठी.
10. must बंधनकारकता (Obligation, Compulsion)व्यक्त करण्यासाठी.
11. have,has यांचा उपयोग Present Perfect Tense मध्ये करतात.
12. had चा उपयोग Past Perfect Tense मध्ये करतात.
13. be चा उपयोग Future Continuous Tense / Simple Future च्या Passive Voice मध्ये करतात.
14. being चा उपयोग (Present,Past)Continuous Tense च्या Passive Voice मध्ये करतात.
15. been चा उपयोग (Present/Past/Future)  Perfect Tense च्या Passive Voice मध्ये करतात.
     1. Rewrite sentences using proper modal auxiliary.
       a) It is very essential for students to learn calligraphy.
           Students must learn calligraphy.
       b) It is possible for students to improve their handwriting with practice.
            Students may improve their handwriting with practice.
       c) My handwriting probably will turn wobbly,if I do not write regularly.
            My handwriting might turn wobbly,if I do not write regularly.
       d) Nowadays it is needed to use computer technology in education.
          Nowadays we have to use computer technology in education.
       e) In future the electronic gizmos are sure to create wonder.
           In future the electronic gizmos will create wonder. 
       f) We better keep ourselves updated in the use of computers.
            We should keep ourselves updated in the use of computers.

 (

      Fill in the blanks with appropriate modals according to the situations given in the following sentences. 

      (1) Take an umbrella. It may rain later.

      (2) People should walk on the grass. 

      (3) May I ask you a question? 

      (4) The signal has turned red. You must wait.

      (5) I was a sportsperson in my school days. I  would / used to play badminton.

      (6) I am going to the library. I will find my friend there. 

Simple Complex and Compound

 Simple Sentence : ज्या वाक्यात एकच कर्ता व एकच मुख्य क्रियापद असते त्या वाक्यास simple sentence म्ह्णतात
 उदा.
 In 1982 she become blind.
 Seeing the cat, the mouse ran away.
 With Kapil Dev's entry it was a different ball game.
 Inspite of being small, he offered to fight the giant.
2)  Complex Sentence: दोन वाक्य subordinate conjunction(that, when, who, which, though. if, unless, so, so--that, as soon as etc.) ने जोडले असल्यास त्याला Complex Sentence म्ह्णतात. उदा.
 It was in 1982 that she became blind.
 When the mouse saw the cat, it ran away.
 When Kapil Dev entered, it was a different ball game.
 Though he was small, he offered to fight the giant.
3) Compound Sentence : दोन वाक्य co-ordinate conjunction( and, or, but, yet etc.) ने जोडले असल्यास त्याला Compound Sentence म्ह्णतात. उदा.
 The mouse saw the cat and ran away.
 Kapil Dev entered and it was a different ball game.
 He was small but he offered to fight the giant. 



Observe the following compound , complex and simple sentences 

1.     I walked straight to the village and bought myself two dozen penny exercise books.

Simple: Walking straight to the village I bought myself two dozen penny exercise books.

Complex: After I walked straight to the village I bought myself two dozen penny exercise books.

2.     I picked up my pen and gazed out the window.

Simple:  Picking up my pen I gazed out the window.

Complex: As I picked up my pen I gazed out the window.

3.     I flung it on the table and set to work again.

Simple:  Flinging it on the table I set to work again.

Complex: As soon as I flung it on the table I set to work again.

4.     I dispatched the completed manuscript and promptly forgot about it.

Simple:  Dispatching the completed manuscript I promptly forgot about it.

Complex: When I dispatched the completed manuscript I promptly forgot about it.

5.     I went upstairs and began to get it down.

Simple: Going upstairs I began to get it down.

Complex: When I went upstairs I began to get it down.

6.     I took it straight away and showed it to John Angus.

Simple: I took it straight away to show it to John Angus.

Complex: I took it straight away so that I could show it to John Angus.

7.     I had successive ideas of specializing in dermatology, surgery and so on but discarded them all.

Simple: In spite of having successive ideas of specializing in dermatology, surgery and so on I discarded them all.

Complex: Though I had successive ideas of specializing in dermatology,  surgery and so on, I discarded them all.

Complex Sentence

Let's Learn :How to use tenses?

काळ उपयोग व रचना

Simple Present Tense

सहज सवयीने व नेहमी घडणारी क्रिया वैश्विक सत्य व्यक्त करण्यासाठी हा काळ वापरतात( Simple Present Tense is used to indicate frequent occurring , present habitual action, universal truth and truth forever)

1. We go to college to get knowledge.
2. I watch a T. V. serial everyday.
3. Sneha reads this blog regularly.
4. The earth revolves around the sun.
5. The sun sets in the west.

Structure: sub+v1+obj/Complement

1. I type a letter.
2. We type letters.
3. You type a letter.
4. You type letters.
5. He types a letter.
6. She types a letter.
7. They type letters.
8. It saves typed letters.
9. Manoj types a letter.
10. People type letters.

Present Continuous Tense

वर्तमान स्थितीत चालु असणारी क्रिया व्यक्त करण्यासाठी हा काळ वापरतात(Present Continuous Tense is used to indicate the action which began some time ago , is going on and will continue for some more time.)
Structure: sub+am/is/are+v-ing+obj/Complement

1. I am typing an e-mail now.
2. We are creating a message at present.
3. They are going to Nagpur.
4. They are searching a treasure.
5. He is copying the notes.
6. She is making cake.
7. It is raining heavily.
8. Manisha is running a race.

Present Perfect Tense

नुकतीच पुर्ण झालेली क्रिया व्यक्त करण्यासाठी तसेच भुतकाळात घड्लेल्य घट्नेचा परिणाम वर्तंमानस्थीतीत कायम रहात असल्यास हा काळ वापरतात(Present Perfect Tense is used to indicate the just occurred action and the one which occurred in the past but its effect continues to the present time.) Structure: sub+have/has+v3+obj/Complement
1. I have drawn a circle just now
2. She has completed her homework right now.
3. We have passed S.S.C.
4. Kapil Dev has played Cricket for 15 years.
5. How long have you known him?
6. The workers have completed their work in time.
7. Rajesh has won the best outgoing student award.

Present Perfect Continuous Tense

वर्तमान काळात दिर्घकाळ चालु असलेली क्रीया व्यक्त करण्यासाठी हा काळ वापरतात Structure: sub+have/has+ been +v-ing+obj
1. I have been learning English for 6 years.
2. I have been living in Gadchandur since 1994.
3. We have been making kites for 8 hours.
4. He has been working as a clerk.
5. It has been grazing since morning.
6. They have been ploughing the land for two days.
7. Ramesh Patil has been teaching grammar for 24 years at Mahatma Gandhi Vidyalaya.
8. She has been traveling through Europe since February.
9. He has been working with our company for the last five years.
10. Mrs. Smita Chitade has been teaching Maths in Mahatma Gandhi Jr. College since 1989.

Simple Past Tense

घडून गेलेली क्रिया व्यक्त करण्यासाठि हा काळ वापरतात.
1. Shahajahan built the Tajmahal in memory of Mumtaj.
2. Columbus discovered America.
3. India got freedom in 1947.
4. Valmiki wrote the Ramayan.
5. She went to Kolkata yesterday.
Structure: Sub + V2 + Obj / complement.
1. I took decision.
   
2. We played cricket.



3. You came late.



4. He saw a tiger.



5. She understood her mother very well.



6. It was found.(Passive Voice)



7. They read a story.



8. Mayank ate oranges.



9. SMS was sent by him.(Passive Voice) Struc: obj+to be+v3+by+sub.



10. He did not complete his assignments.(Negative)Stru: sub+H.V. +not+ v1 + obj.



11. Why did she deny that proposal? (Interrogative)Stru:Wh-word+H.V. +sub+v1+obj?





Past Continuous Tense

भुतकाळात एका विशीष्ट वेळी चालु असलेली क्रिया व्यक्त करण्यासाठी हा काळ वापरतात I was reading a newspaper when the phone rang. चालु असलेली क्रिया reading विशीष्ट वेळ phone rang. वरिल वाक्यात simple past आणि past continuous चे combination वापरलेले आहे. She was reading the Ramayan in the morning. Structure: Sub +was/were+ V-ing + Obj / complement.
1. I was playing Kho-Kho.
2. We were watching T.V. serial.
3. You were crossing the road.
4. He was swimming in the river.
5. She was making chapatis in the kitchen.
6. They were crossing the flooded water.
7. A car was being driven by him.(Passive voice)
8. A prisoner was being taken away.(Passive voice)

Past Perfect Tense

भुतकाळात घडलेल्या दोन घटनांपैकि जी घटना प्रथम घड्लेलि असते ती Past Perfect Tense मध्ये लिहीतात व नंतर घडलेली घटना Simple Past Tense मध्ये लिहीतात . Mother had finished cooking when father entered the kitchen.प्रथम घड्लेलि क्रिया had finished cooking नंतर घडलेली घटना father entered the kitchen Structure: Sub +had + V3 + obj/Compl.
1. I had swept the room.
2. He had played chess.
3. She had learned a lesson.
4. They had been praised by the governor. (Passive Voice)
5. Trees had been cut. (Passive Voice)

Simple Future Tense

भविष्यात क्रिया घडेल असा भाव व्यक्त करण्यासाठी हा काळ वापरतात.
9. I will pass H.S.S.C next year.
10. They will go to Mumbai by next train.
Structure: Sub + shall/will + V1 + obj/Compl.
1. We shall learn computer operating.
2. He will win the Chess Championship.
3. She will go to Nagpur tomorrow.
4. They will arrive here by next plane.
5. You will get success if you work hard. A story will be written by him. (Passive voice)

Future Continuous Tense

भविष्यात एखादि क्रिया चालु असेल अशी कल्पना व्यक्त करण्यासाठी हा काळ वापरतात.
11. We will be learning sums in the school tomorrow.
12. She will be drawing rangoli in the morning.
Structure: Sub + shall/will +be+ V-ing + obj/Compl.
1. I shall be drawing a big circle.
2. We shall be painting a wall.
3. He will be ploughing a field.
4. She will be rolling out chapatis.
5. They will be singing songs.

Future Perfect Tense.

भविष्यात एका विशिष्ट वेळी एखादी क्रिया पुर्ण झालेली असेल असा भाव व्यक्त करण्यासाठी हा काळ वापरतात.
13. India will have become superpower by the year 2020.
14. She will have reached Kolhapur by this time tomorrow.
Structure: Sub + shall/will +have+ V3 + obj/Compl.
15. Ramesh will have passed S.S.C. by June 2018.
16. Ramesh will have passed H.S.S.C. by June 2020.
17. You will have got a degree by the year 2021.
18. You will have secured a job by the year 2023.
19. Our Headmaster will have retired by July 2022.
20. Sharad Jogi will have become Headmaster by the year 2022.

Observe the use of Simple Future Tense and Future Perfect Tense

1. I will have finished my belongings when the taxi will arrive.
2. John will have read Steve Job's biography before the film on it will release.
3. Students will have completed the assignment by the time term will end.
4. By the time the course will conclude students will have learned almost everything about English.

Observe the use of Simple Past Tense and Past Perfect Tense

Yesterday, after my friend had left, I started writing a letter. I had written only one sentence when I heard the postman calling me. He brought me a parcel. It was a book, which I had ordered from a shop in Mumbai. The postman asked me to sign a receipt and when I had signed it, he gave me the book and left. Then I sat down to read the book. It was so interesting that I read it very quickly. When my friend returned that evening, I had finished reading the book. He had read the book the previous week, and we sat and talked till midnight, after we had eaten dinner.
1. I was late. The meeting had started an hour ago.
2. They did not come, even though we had sent them a special invitation.
3. It was a good story, but I had heard it before.
4. As soon as we had finished work, we went home.

Teaching Approaches , Methods and Techniques

An approach- a set of correlative assumptions about the nature of language

A method- a plan for presenting the language material to be learnt and should be based upon a selected approach.

A technique- a very specific, concrete stratagem or trick designed to accomplish an immediate objective.

Different Methods of Teaching English

}T he grammar translation method

}The direct method

}Series method

}The oral approach/ the situational lang. teaching

The audio lingual method

}Communicative language teaching

}communicative

}Language immersion

}Proprioceptive lang learning

}Silent way}Pimsler method

Need of grammar learning

Grammar is an interesting part of English language. But learning grammar before learning language is not a good idea . Learning language means having command over basic skills of language such as listening, speaking, reading and writing. Learning of grammar does not enable you to speak English. But it makes your language polished and beautiful. Grammar learning should be started with observing sentences and coming over or forming the rules.