Clauses

Noun Clauses

Every sentence is a clause. But each clause is not a sentence. Phrase is a group of words without subject and predicate combination. Clause is a group of words with subject and its own predicate (verbal part). The clause which is complete in meaning is known as main clause or co-ordinate clause. The clause which depends on main clause for meaning is known as sub-ordinate or dependant clause. Further subordinate clause is classified on the basis of the function it performs in the sentence. They are classified as noun clause, adjective clause and adverb clause.

1. They knew it was spring. Underlined clause being an obj of "knew" is noun clause
2. Let me tell you what I owe to cricket. Underlined clause being an obj of " tell" is noun clause
3. They never remembered what they had seen. Underlined clause being an obj of "remembered" is noun clause
4. Tell us how we can get into the house. Underlined clause being an obj of " tell" is noun clause
5. What he said is true. Underlined clause being a sub of "is" is noun clause
6. What you speak may not be an Indian language. Underlined clause being a sub of "may not be" is noun clause
7. It didn't take any of my time to tell that he was doing a good job. Underlined clause being an obj of "to tell" is noun clause
8. I will see that we buy tickets. Underlined clause being an obj of "see" is noun clause
9. It is cynical to advocate the philosophy that nothing ever is permanant in life. Underlined clause being as in apposition to the noun "phylosophy" is noun clause
10. What needs to be projected is the incandescent spirit underlying Kapil's remarkable feat. Underlined clause being a subject of "is" is noun clause
11. That's what I would like to knowUnderlined clause being a complement of "is" is noun clause

Adjective Clauses

1. I gave up the idea of locating the address I had come for.Underlined clause qulifies the noun "address"
2. He also does not know the place where you want to go.Underlined clause qualifies the noun "place"
3. Nothing happens to those who eat these neem fortified plants.Underlined clause qualifies the pronoun "those"
4. This is my friend whom you met yesterday.Underlined clause qualifies the noun "my friend"
5. The reason that he gave does not convince me.

Underlined clause qualifies the noun "reason"

Adverb Clauses

1. Every generation must do its job well so that it pass the torch of freedom to the text.Underlined clause modifies the verb "must do"It is an adverb of purpose.
2. It was a gift made to you before you were born.Underlined clause modifies the verb "made."It is an adverb clause of Time.
3. Although many of the songs are very lyricalthe main appeal of Tamasha is the vigorous dancing of Gaulan.

"It is an adverb clause of contrast.

Since his empire covered an amazing spectrum from soap to aviation, he richly deserved the title.It is an adverb clause of reason.

Children could understand a great deal if it was explained to them in easy language."It is an adverb clause of condition.

Raklesh and Grandfather gazed at the tree as though it had performed a miracle."It is an adverb clause of manner.

They took it with them wherever they went."It is an adverb clause of place.

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Sentences And Types of Sentences

What is a sentence? .......A group of words that makes good sense is known as sentence.
शब्दांचा अर्थपुर्ण समुह म्हणजे वाक्य होय.
e.g. :A.] India is my country. B.] I learn English. C.] Do you like tea? D.] Come here. E.] Alas! He is dead. F.] What do you want?
वाक्याचे चार प्रकार आहेत 1. Assertive 2. Imperative 3. Interrogative 4. Exclamatory.

1.1 Assertive किंवा statement: कर्त्याबद्दल विधान करणारे वाक्य म्हणजे विधानात्मक वाक्य होय.
रचना
: 1. subject + verb + object.
We love India.
2. subject + verb + complement.
He is a farmer. He is happy.
3. subject + h. v. + verb + complement/object.
Ganesh is flying a kite.
They have invited us.

Subject म्हणजे कर्ता जो Noun / Pronoun च्या रुपात असतो . Object म्हणजे कर्म जो Noun / Pronoun च्या objective form मध्ये असतो .Complement म्हणजे पुरक शब्द होय. वाक्याचा अर्थ पुर्ण करण्यासाठी वापरलेले Noun किवा Adjective हे complement चे कार्य करते.
1.2 Imperative Sentence: आ‍द्न्या(order) , हुकूम, विनंती ,सुचना करनारे वाक्य म्ह्णजे Imperative sentence होय.
रचना
: 1. verb + object. Open book.
2. verb + complement. Move aside. Look at me.


more examples:

Please give me your notebook.(request)

Don't waste time.(advice)
Have a nice day.(wish)
Do not do that again.(command)
March ahead. (order)
1.3 Interrogative sentence: माहिती मिळ्वीण्यासा्ठी किंवा चौकशीसाठी केलेले प्रश्न म्हणजे प्रश्नार्थक वाक्य होय.प्रश्नार्थक वाक्याचे दोन प्रकार आहेत. 1. Verbal question 2. wh-question

A] Verbal Question किंवा Yes/No type Question
रचना : H. V. + Sub. + Verb + Obj./Comp. ?


Do you like fruits?

Have they invited us?

Is Ganesh flying kite?

Can you read English?



Are you ready?
टिप: H. V = मुख्य क्रीयापदाला मदत म्ह्णुन वापरलेल्या शब्दाला Helping verb/ Auxiliary verb म्हणतात.Helping verb पुढील प्रमाणे आहेत can, could, may, might, must, am, is, are, was, were, have, has, had, shall, will, should, would, do, does, did, इत्यादी. B] Wh-Question:
रचना (Structure): Wh-word + H. V. + Sub. + Verb + ........... ?

1. What do you want?

2. Where do you live?

3. When have they arrived?

4. Who wrote the constitution of India?

5. Why are you late?

6. How are you?


1.4 Exclamatory Sentence.: स्वाभावीक तिव्र भावना व्यक्त करनारे वाक्य म्ह्णजे उदगारवाचक वाक्य होय.
रचना : 1. What + a/an + adjective + noun + sub + verb !
2. How + adjective + sub + verb !

1. What a beautiful flower it is!

2. What an honest man he is!

3. How clever you are!

4. How pretty!

5. What a colourful bush!

Test Your Knowledge

UNIT TEST Class XII

Q. 1. (A) Read the activity, read the following extract and do all the activities given below it. [12]
1. Complete the statements.                    2

i) The narrator’s faith in Chaitanya gave her _______
ii) Chaitanya was not a_____  child.
iii) Chaitanya was a ______ child.
iv) Chaitanya had interest in__________

My own faith in Chaitanya started giving me abundant strength. I no longer wanted to hide myself from the glaring eyes of the world. I took him around with me. He went with us everywhere like any normal child. We were not sorry or uncomfortable carrying him around.

If I required help for him in public places, I was not embarrassed to seek people around. I did not mind telling them that he was a special child. I was not scared of people’s curious look and awkward questions. I could talk about Chaitanya’s problem calmly. As my mind opened up further, I could discern new hope springing in my heart. I felt happy I was a Special Mother.

The special school did Chaitanya a lot of good. He was now a much more confident person, adored by his teachers, his friends and his school staff. His speech improved and expression became clearer. His social manners become laudable.

Academically he was still lagging behind the expected standard of learning but it was okay. He started developing an all-round interest in craft, art, music dancing and sports. Early in 1997-98, when he returned from state level inter-school sports, he had two prizes to his credit and a silver medal. He had won his laurels in athletic events and silver medal in running race.

A2 Correct the following statements about Chaitanya                                                       2
I) Chaitanya had no improvement in special school.
II) He neither developed interest in craft and sports.

A3. Write the impact of the special school on Chaitanya?                                                  2


A4. Give the meanings of  A) abundant B) special C) laudable D) lagging behind
A4. State in what way  you can help such a special child and his/her family?             2

5. Rewrite in the ways instructed            2

A) I took him around with me. [Change the voice. ]

B) When he returned from state level inter-school sports, he had two prizes to his credit. [Name the clause] 1



B. Do as directed (1mark )

1 -- dry Thar Desert is ---most popular tourist destinations in India. [Fill in the blanks with articles]

Q. 2. Read the following extract and do all the activities.

If you accept counsel without getting sore

And re-assess yourself in the light thereof

If you pledge not to be obstinate any more
And meet others without any frown or scoff.

You may be the person I am looking for.

A1  Complete the table.                               2
Column A                                  Column B
1. Accept advice.        A. without irritated
2. Introspection          B. Not getting sore
3. Pledge.                     C. In the light of advice
4. Meet people.           D. Not to be stubborn
A2  State qualities of ideal person according to the poet.                                                      2

A3. Note down the rhyming words and rhyme scheme.                                                 2

A4. Compose two lines of your own about your ideal person.                                         2
3. Write a letter to the editor of The Indian Express about the problem garbage in your area.

OR

Write an imaginary piece of dialogue between the king Amrit and his minister Chandan.

प्रश्नांचि उत्तरे कशी लिहावी

 उतार्‍यातुन प्रश्नाचे अचुक उत्तर शोधून लिहीणे हे तंत्र आहे. यासाठी वाचन जसे आवश्यक आहे तसे प्रश्नांची उकल होणे आवश्यक आहे. प्रश्नांची एक पद्धत असते ती समजली की उत्तर लीहीणे सोपे जाते. त्य़ात प्रथम प्रश्नार्थक  शब्द समजून घेऊ.


Who म्हणजे कोण?
Who या शब्दाने सुरुवात होणार्‍या प्रश्नांचे उत्तर व्यक्ती दर्शक शब्द(कर्ता) असतो.

What म्हणजे काय?

What या शब्दाने सुरुवात होणार्‍या प्रश्नांचे उत्तर वस्तु दर्शक शब्द(कर्म) असतो.प्रश्नात कर्ता नसल्यास उत्तर कर्ता असते. व्यवसायाचे नाव देखील उत्तर असु शकते.


Where म्हणजे कोठे?
Where या शब्दाने सुरुवात होणार्‍या प्रश्नांचे उत्तर स्थळ दर्शक शब्द असतो.

When म्हणजे केव्हा?

When या शब्दाने सुरुवात होणार्‍या प्रश्नांचे उत्तर वेळ दर्शक शब्द असतो.जसे की वर्ष, महिना, आठवडा, दिवस. काही शब्दाच्या आधारे या प्रश्नांचे उत्तर शोधने सोपे जाते जसे after, before, during, in, on, since या शब्दानंतर वेळ दर्शवीलेली असते.


Which म्हणजे कोणते?
Which या शब्दाने सुरुवात होणार्‍या प्रश्नांचे उत्तर which नंतर येणार्‍या नामावरुन ठरवीता येते.

How म्हणजे कसे?

How या शब्दाने सुरुवात होणार्‍या प्रश्नांचे उत्तर वर्णनात्मक शब्द किंवा शब्दसमुह असतो.तव्यक्ती किंवा वस्तु कशी आहे. क्रीया कशी घडली, घड्ते असे उ्त्तर असते. Adjective, adverb असणारा समुह उत्तर असु शकते.

Why म्हणजे का? कारण

Why या शब्दाने सुरुवात होणार्‍या प्रश्नांचे उत्तर कारण दर्शक शब्द ,शब्दसमुह असतो. उत्तराची सुरवात because, for, to ,since ाअश्या शब्दाने होत असते.

Whom म्हणजे कोणाला?

Whom या शब्दाने सुरुवात होणार्‍या प्रश्नांचे उत्तर व्यक्ती दर्शक शब्द परंतू (कर्म) असतो.



How many म्हणजे कीती (अंकात मोजता येणारे)

How much म्हणजे कीती (अंकात न मोजता येणारे)

How far म्ह्णजे कीती अंतर

How long म्ह्णजे कीती वेळ

Whose म्ह्णजे कोणाचे

Factual Type Questions  चे उत्तरे एका शब्दात,अर्धवट वाक्यात लिहिले तरी चालेल . Inference Type Questions चे उत्तरे 2 ते 3  वाक्यात लिहावे. Personal Response Type Questions चे उत्तरे Extract मध्ये शोधत येणार नाही तर स्व-आकलनातून स्वताच्या शब्दात लिहावे. उत्तराची सुरुवात प्रश्नातून करता येतील.

PAPER PATTERN Std 12
SECTION ‘A’ : Prose
(Reading Skill, Grammar, Vocabulary, Note-making and Summary)
Q.I. (A)
A Seen extract from units 1 to 4 (around 250 words)                  11 Marks
Questions : 1 Global understanding (Skimming question)                         1
1 Complex factual (Scanning question)                                          2
1 Inference or Interpretation                                                     2
1 Personal response                                                            2

3 Grammar in context                                                           3

1 Vocabulary in context                                                         1
(B)Questions covering grammatical items from the syllabus not covered in        3
1 (A), 2 (A) and 3 (A)
Q. II. (A) A Seen extract from units 5 to 8 (around 250 words)                 11
Questions as in Q. I (A)
(B) An Unseen extract selected to form basis for Note Making (around 200
words) (Completion exercise)                                                    4
Q. III.(A) An Unseen extract (around 250 words)                                11
Questions as in Q. I (A) and Q. II (A)
(B) Summary (based on the extract in Q. III (A) (Completion task)                4
SECTION ‘B’ : Poetry
Q.IV. (A) An extract from poems in units 1 to 4 (8 – 10 lines)                    4
Questions: 1 Inference or interpretation
1 Personal response
1 Poetic device
1 Appreciation
(B)An extract from poems in units 5 to 8 (8 – 10 lines)                          4
Questions as in Q. IV (A)
SECTION ‘C’ : Rapid Reading And Composition
Q. V. (A)
A Seen extract from the Course book (about 250 words)                        4
Question: Rewrite the extract from the point of view of …
(Composition based on the extract)
(B)
1. A Seen extract from the Course book (about 250 words)                      4
Question: Convert the extract into a dialogue (About 8 sentences) OR
Convert the extract into a continuous write-up (About 120 words)
OR
2. A Seen extract from the Course book (about 150 words)                      4
Question: Extend the extract by adding a paragraph of your own (about
120 words)
SECTION ‘D’ : Writing Skills
Q. VI. (A) Letter writing                                                         4
Formal letter: Write an application in response to the advertisement, using
Information given in the CV provided
Semi-formal letter
(B)Tourist leaflet / Appeal                                                       4
Dialogue writing (About 8 sentences)
(C)Information transfer (Non-verbal to Verbal) (about 120 words) OR             4
Developing a counterview (about 120 words)
OR
Report writing including newspaper report (about 120 words) 
 Q. VII.(A) Framing questions for an interview (8 Questions)                      4
       (B) Preparing a speech (about 100 words)                                3

Three Forms of Verbs

Forms of Verbs

Meaning of verbs given in Marathi.

V1	V2	V3
Awake जागे होणे	awoke	awoken
Be आहे, असणे	was, were	Been
Bear सहन करणे, फ़ळ लागणे	bore	Born
Beat पराभव करणे	beat	Beat
Become होणे	became	Become
Begin सुरवात करणे	began	Begun
Bend वाकने	bent	Bent
Beset	beset	Beset
Bet शर्यत लावणे	bet	Bet
Bid	bid/bade	bid/bidden
Bind बांधणे	bound	Bound
Bite चावणे	bit	Bitten
Bleed रक्त वहाणे	bled	Bled
Blow वाह्ने(वारा) फ़ुगवणे	blew	Blown
Break तोडणे	broke	Broken
Breed	bred	Bred
Bring आणणे	brought	Brought
Broadcast प्रसारण करणे	broadcast	Broadcast
Build बांधणे	built	Built
Burn जाळणे	burned/burnt	burned/burnt
Burst फ़ुटणे	burst	Burst
Buy वीकत घेणे	bought	Bought
Cast	cast	Cast
Catch पकडणे	caught	Caught
Choose नीवडणे	chose	Chosen
Cling	clung	Clung
Come येणे	came	Come
Cost किंमत येणे/पडणे	cost	Cost
Creep सरपटणे	crept	Crept
Cut कापणे	cut	Cut
Deal	dealt	Dealt
Dig खनणे	dug	Dug
Dive सुर मारणे	dived/dove	Dived
Do करणे	did	Done
Draw काढणे	drew	Drawn
Dream स्वप्न पहाणे	dreamed/dreamt	dreamed/dreamt
Drive चालविणे	drove	Driven
Drink पिणे	drank	Drunk
Eat खाणे	ate	Eaten
Fall पडणे	fell	Fallen
Feed खाऊ घालणे	fed	Fed
Feel वाटणे	felt	Felt
Fight भांडण करणे	fought	Fought
Find शोधणे/सापडणे	found	Found
Fit	fit	Fit
Flee	fled	Fled
Fling भिरकवणे	flung	Flung
Fly उडणे	flew	Flown
Forbid मनाइ करणे	forbade	Forbidden
Forget विसरणे	forgot	Forgotten
forego (forgo)	forewent	Foregone
Forgive माफ करणे	forgave	Forgiven
Forsake	forsook	Forsaken
Freeze गोठणे	froze	Frozen
Get मीळणे	got	Gotten
Give देणे	gave	Given
Go जाणे	went	Gone
Grind दळणे	ground	Ground
Grow वाढणे	grew	Grown
Hang लटकवीणे/फाशी देणे	hung	Hung
Hear ऐकणे	heard	Heard
Hide लपवीणे	hid	Hidden
Hit मारणे/टोला लगावणे	hit	Hit
Hold पकडणे	held	Held

Hurt जखमी करणे , दुखावणे	hurt	Hurt
Keep ठेवणे	kept	Kept
Kneel झुकणे	knelt	Knelt
Knit वीणणे	knit	Knit
Know माहीत असणे	knew	Know
Lay पडुन असणे, अंडे देणे(कोंबडी)	laid	Laid
Lead पुढाकार घेणे	led	Led
Leap उडी मारणे	leaped/leapt	leaped/leapt
Learn शीकणे	learned/learnt	learned/learnt
Leave सोडणे	left	Left
Lend उसने देणे	lent	Lent
Let परवानगी देणे	let	Let
Lie पडून असणे	lay	Lain
Light पेटविणे	lighted/lit	Lighted

Lose हारणे	lost	Lost
Make बनवीणे	made	Made
Mean अर्थ असणे	meant	Meant
Meet भेटणे	met	Met
Misspell	misspelled/misspelt	misspelled/misspelt
Mistake चुक होणे	mistook	Mistaken

Adverb Clause Of Time

Observe the following sentences

1.       When you enter the garden you will be given a sack.

2.       As they walked into the garden it became wilder.

3.       Don’t watch the TV while you are eating.

4.       There was darkness as the lights went off.

5.       The doctor always visits us whenever he is sent for.

6.       Success comes after you have worked hard.

7.       I have not seen her since I left my job.

Complete the following paragraph, using appropriate subordinate conjunctions:

My friend called me when I was packing the things. While I was packing the things, the bell rang. It kept ringing since I was talking to my friend on my mobile. When I opened the door,  I was surprised to see my closest college friend standing in front of me. As soon as he saw me, he hugged me warmly. I felt very happy when I saw him. We had met after a long gap of ten years,we had many things to talk about. He had always helped me.

Why Grammar

Learn the grammar for the sake of Language

Learn the grammar to speak , write and interact in English. Grammar is an integral part of English language. Almost all students want to learn the grammar to learn the language i e, to speak English . In the effort they learn the grammar but not the language. Learning language is possible without learning grammar. However, if we learn the grammar with the aim of learning language and keeping the learning into practice, we will learn the language. So let's learn the grammar with different perspective.